| Percent | Parts per Million | Parts per Billion | Parts per Trillion |
| .001% = | 10 ppm = | - | - |
| .0001% = | 1 ppm = | 1,000 ppb = | 1,000,000 ppt |
| .00001% = | .1 ppm = | 100 ppb = | 100,000 ppt |
| .000001% = | .01 ppm = | 10 ppb = | 10,000 ppt |
| - | .001 ppm = | 1 ppb = | 1,000 ppt |
| - | .0001 ppm = | 1 ppb = | 100 ppt |
| - | - | .01 ppb = | 10 ppt |
| - | - | .001 ppb = | 1 ppt |
| °C to °F | °F to °C |
| (°C x 9/5) + 32 = °F | (°F–32) x 5/9 = °C |
| From / To | g | kg | M.Ton | grain | oz | lb |
| g | 1 | 0.001 | 1 x 10-6 | 15.43 | 0.03527 | 0.00220 |
| kg | 1000 | 1 | 0.001 | 1.54 x 104 | 35.27 | 2.205 |
| Metric Ton | 1 x 106 | 1000 | 1 | 1.54 x 107 | 3.53 x 104 | 2205 |
| grain | 6.48 x 10–2 | 6.48 x 10–5 | 6.48 x 10–5 | 1 | 2.29 x 10–3 | 1.43 x 10–4 |
| oz | 28.35 | 0.02835 | 2.83 x 10–5 | 437.5 | 1 | 0.06250 |
| lb | 453.6 | 0.4536 | 4.54 x 104 | 7000 | 16 | 1 |
To convert from a unit shown in the left column, multiply by the factor listed in the column for the desired unit.
Volume Conversion Table
| From / To | cm3 | liter | m3 | in3 | ft3 | yd3 | fl oz | fl pt | fl qt | gal |
| cm3 | 1 | 0.001 | 1 x 10-6 | 0.06102 | 3.53x10 –5 | 1.31x10–6 | 0.03381 | 0.00211 | 0.00106 | 2.64x10 –4 |
| liter | 1000 | 1 | 0.001 | 61.02 | 0.03532 | 0.00131 | 33.81 | 2.113 | 1.057 | 0.2642 |
| m3 | 1 x 106 | 1000 | 1 | 6.10x104 | 35.31 | 1.308 | 3.38x104 | 2113 | 1057 | 264.2 |
| in3 | 16.39 | 0.01639 | 1.64x10–5 | 1 | 5.79x10–4 | 2.14x10–5 | 0.5541 | 0.03463 | 0.01732 | 0.00433 |
| ft3 | 2.83x104 | 28.32 | 0.02832 | 1728 | 1 | 0.03704 | 957.5 | 69.84 | 29.92 | 7.481 |
| yd3 | 7.65x105 | 764.5 | 0.7646 | 4.67x104 | 27 | 1 | 2.59x104 | 1616 | 807.9 | 202.0 |
| fl oz | 29.57 | 0.02957 | 2.96x10-5 | 1.805 | 0.00104 | 3.87x10–5 | 1 | 0.06250 | 0.03125 | 0.00781 |
| fl pt | 473.2 | 0.4732 | 473x10–4 | 28.88 | 0.01671 | 619x10–4 | 16 | 1 | 0.6000 | 0.1250 |
| fl qt | 946.4 | 0.9463 | 9.46x10–4 | 57.75 | 0.03342 | 0.00124 | 32 | 2 | 1 | 0.2500 |
| gal | 3785 | 3.786 | 0.00379 | 231.0 | 0.1337 | 0.00495 | 128 | 8 | 4 | 1 |
To convert from a unit shown in the left column, multiply by the factor listed in the column for the desired unit.
Length Conversion Table
| From / To | cm | m | km | in | ft | mile |
| cm | 1 | 100 | 1 x 10-5 | 0.3937 | 0.03281 | 6.214 x 10–6 |
| m | 100 | 1 | 0.001 | 39.37 | 3.281 | 6.214 x 10–4 |
| km | 1 x 105 | 1000 | 1 | 3.94 x 104 | 3281 | 0.6214 |
| in | 2.540 | 0.02540 | 2.540 x 10–5 | 1 | 0.08333 | 1.578 x10–5 |
| ft | 30.48 | 0.3048 | 3.048 x 10–4 | 12 | 1 | 18.94 x 10–4 |
| mile | 1.609 x 105 | 1609 | 1.609 | 6.336 x 104 | 5280 | 1 |
To convert from a unit shown in the left column, multiply by the factor listed in the column for the desired unit.
Flow Rate Conversion Table
| From / To | lit/sec | gal/min | ft3/sec | ft3/min | bbl/hr | bbl/day |
| lit/sec | 1 | 15.85 | 2.228 x 10–3 | 2.119 | 22.66 | 543.8 |
| gal/min | 6.308 x 10–2 | 1 | 3.532 x 10–2 | 0.1337 | 1.429 | 34.30 |
| ft3/sec | 28.32 | 448.8 | 1 | 60 | 641.1 | 1.54 x 104 |
| ft3/min | 0.4719 | 7.481 | 1.667 x 10–2 | 1 | 10.69 | 256.5 |
| bbl/hr | 4.415 x 10–2 | 0.6997 | 1.56 x 10–3 | 9.359 x 10–2 | 1 | 24 |
| bbl/day | 1.84 x 10–3 | 2.917 x 10–2 | 6.50 x 10–5 | 3.90 x 10–3 | 4.167 x 10–2 | 1 |
To convert from a unit shown in the left column, multiply by the factor listed in the column for the desired unit.
Common Molecular Biology Conversion Factors
| Factor | Value |
| Molecular weight (ave.) of DNA base pair | 649 Da |
| Molecular weight (ave.) of amino acid | 110 Da |
| 1 g/ml DNA | 3.08 µM phosphate |
| 1 g/ml of 1 kb DNA | 3.08 nM 5’ ends |
| 1 mol pBR322 (4363 bp) | 2.83 g |
| 1 pmol linear pBR322 5’ ends | 1.4 g |
| 1 A260 double-stranded DNA | 50 µg/ml |
| 1 A260 single-stranded DNA | 37 µg/ml |
| 1 kb DNA: 333 amino acids of coding capacity = 36,000 Da | |
| 6.5 x 105 Da of double-stranded DNA (sodium salt) | |
| 3.3 x 105 Da of single-stranded DNA (sodium salt) | |
| 3.4 x 105 Da of single-stranded RNA (sodium salt) | |
| 10 kDa protein = 91 amino acids = 273 nucleotides | |
Composition of concentrated reagent-grade acids, ammonium hydroxide, and sodium and potassium hydroxide solutions (with dilution directions to 1M and 1N solutions)
| Chemical | Formula Weight of Reagentaa | Approximate Density | Approximate Strength of Concd. Reagentb | Assay Limits % w/w | Molarity of Concd. Reagent | Milliliters of Concd. Reagent Necessary to Prepare 1 Liter of 1 Molar Solutionc | Normality of Concd. Reagent | Milliliters of Concd. Reagent Necessary to Prepare 1 Liter of 1 Normal Solutionc |
| Acetic Acid(CH3COOH) | 60.052 | 1.05 | 99.8 | 99.7 - 99.9 | 17.4 | 57.5 | 17.4 | 57.5 |
| Formic Acid (HCOOH) | 46.026 | 1.13 | 90 | 88.0 - 92.0 | 23.6 | 42.5 | 23.6 | 42.5 |
| Hydrochloric Acid (HCI) | 36.461 | 1.18 | 37.2 | 36.5 - 38.0 | 12.1 | 82.5 | 12.1 | 82.5 |
| Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) | 20.006 | 1.19 | 49 | 48.0 - 51.0 | 28.9 | 34.5 | 28.9 | 34.5 |
| Nitric Acid (HNO3) | 63.013 | 1.41 | 69.6 | 69.0 - 70.0 | 15.6 | 64 | 15.6 | 63 |
| Perchloric Acid (HCIO4) | 100.458 | 1.67 | 70.5 | 70.0 - 72.0 | 11.7 | 85.5 | 11.7 | 85.5 |
| Perchloric Acid (HCIO4) | 100.458 | 1.67 | 61.3 | 60.0 - 62.0 | 9.5 | 105.5 | 9.5 | 105.5 |
| Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) | 97.995 | 1.71 | 85.5 | 85.0 - 87.0 | 14.8 | 67.5 | 44.4 | 22.5 |
| Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) | 98.073 | 1.84 | 96 | 95.0 - 98.0 | 18 | 55.5 | 36 | 28 |
| Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH) | 35.046 | 0.90 | 56.6d | - | 14.5 | 69 | 14.5 | 69 |
| Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) | 39.997 | 1.53 | 50.5 | 50.0 - 52.0 | 19.4 | 51.5 | 19.4 | 51.5 |
| Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) | 56.105 | 1.45 | 45 | 45.0 - 46.0 | 11.7 | 85.5 | 11.7 | 85.5 |